ACADEMIC
INFORMATION AND POLICIES
Attendance
Examinations
Grades
Academic
Advisement
Disciplinary
Issues
Academic
Integrity
Class
Status
Independent Study
Directed Study
Internships
Waivers
Outside
Coursework
Study
Abroad
Joint
and Combined Programs
Graduate
Courses
Leaves of
Absence
Withdrawal
Records
and Transcripts
Change
of Information
Diplomas
Academic
Terminology
Privacy
Regulations uniformly applicable to both Stern College for Women and the Sy Syms School of
Business are given here; those pertaining to each school in
particular are found in each school's
respective section of this Catalog.
Changes
in Regulations
The University reserves the right to change tuition, fees, course
offerings, regulations, and admission and graduation requirements at
any time without prior notice. Students should consult University
bulletin boards for changes. This Catalog supersedes all previous
Catalogs and academic information and policies and is binding on all
students. Consideration will be given, however, to a petition by a
student for permission to continue a course of study in effect at
the time the
student enrolled provided that no more than the normal period of
time is taken to complete the program.
Attendance
Each undergraduate school has a specific attendance policy pertaining to
students taking courses in that school. The following applies to all undergraduates:
 | If
a student is absent or seriously incapacitated through illness for a considerable portion,
but less than half, of a semester, the student's course load may be reduced.
|
 |
In all cases, if a student is absent from any course for any cause
for more than half a semester and does not officially withdraw
from the course, the
student will receive a grade
of "G".
|
 | Customarily,
students wait 20 minutes when an instructor is delayed for class.
|
Examinations
All students must take examinations as scheduled. A student
who is absent from an in-class test due to illness or an equally compelling cause must
consult with the instructor about exam requirements.
A
final examination may be postponed only on account of illness or some equally compelling
emergency, that causes absence at the time of the examination. Under these conditions,
the student should notify the Office of the Dean immediately and should subsequently
submit a request for a makeup test, along with a physician's note if applicable. If the
request is approved, the student pays a $15 makeup exam fee.
Once
a student has taken a final examination, no re-examination may be given. No
excuse-whether illness, lack of preparation, or any other reason-will be accepted as
grounds for a retest or an additional test or assignment.
If
a student arrives late at any examination and has no valid excuse for the lateness, the
test is taken in the remainder of the allotted time.
Cheating
on an examination will subject the offender to disciplinary action, including possible
expulsion from the University.
Grades
Grades are available by calling (800) 528-3293 or by accessing
www.getgrades.com.
The
work of each student is graded on the following scale:
A,
A- Excellent
B+,
B, B- Good
C+,
C, C- Fair
D+,
D, D- Poor (lowest passing grade)
F
Failure
N
No credit
P
Pass
Administrative
Grades
G
Withdrawal without permission (counted as failure)
I
Incomplete
L
Audit (no credit) Available by special permission with approval of the Instructor and the
Office of the Dean (See the Request to Audit a Course form).
M
Missing
W
Withdrawal without penalty or prejudice
P
is used for all courses bearing less than 1 credit, for Independent Study courses, and
for courses taken under the P/N option.
I
grades may be issued by faculty to accommodate unavoidable delays in the completion of
course requirements and to allow for excused emergencies during final examinations. If the
work is not completed by six weeks after the end of finalsmid-February for a fall
course; beginning of July for a
spring course—the Incomplete becomes
an F. See the Academic Calendar for the exact
dates.
W
(withdrawal) requires filing a Change of Program form with the Registrar and, under
certain circumstances, written permission of the Office of the Dean. Unless the proper procedures are
followed, the student receives a G, equivalent to failure, in the course. See
Late
Admission and Withdrawal.
A
student who has achieved a passing grade in a course may not retake it. In exceptional
cases the dean of a school may permit a student who has received a D to retake the course,
provided that the student has not taken a more advanced course in the subject after
receiving the D. Even if repetition is allowed, the original grade will remain on the
record.
In
Sy Syms, an advanced course in the major may not be taken if the student has received a D
in the prerequisite course. The student must repeat this course.
Satisfactory
Progress
All students must meet the following standards of good academic
standing and satisfactory academic progress.
Academic
Average
All students must maintain a minimum average of 2.0 per semester and cumulatively.
Each
grade has a numerical value as follows:
A
= 4.000
A- = 3.667
B+ = 3.333
B = 3.000
B- = 2.667
C+ = 2.333
C = 2.000
C- = 1.667
D+ = 1.333
D = 1.000
D- = 0.667
F,G = 0
When
the numerical value is multiplied by the credit value of the course, the resulting figure
is known as the number of quality points.
The
student's average is computed by dividing the number of quality points earned by the total
number of credits completed with a grade of A through G. The average is rounded to the
third decimal place.
Courses, grades, and credits in the S.
Daniel Abraham Israel Program are listed on a separate transcript.
Block credit for the year of study is recorded on the Stern College
or Sy Syms School transcript.
Minimum
Number of Credits
The minimum number of credits that each student must accrue to maintain financial aid
eligibility by the beginning of each semester of attendance is as follows:
Second
6
Third 15
Fourth 25
Fifth 36
Sixth 48
|
Seventh 60
Eighth 75
Ninth 90
Tenth 105
Eleventh 120 |
Note
that credit is given only for grades A through D- and P. No credit is given for
administrative grades.
Academic
Retention, Probation, and Dismissal
Students are expected to maintain an academic average of at least 2.0 each semester
and cumulatively. Students who, in any semester, fail to achieve an average of at least
2.0 or to accrue the required credits above may be placed on academic probation.
Probation
serves as a serious warning to students whose records are unsatisfactory, and is intended
to help them achieve the necessary improvement.
Restrictions
or conditions may be imposed upon students on probation in the following areas: programs,
employment, extracurricular activities, intercollegiate athletics, and financial
assistance.
Students
not meeting the standards become ineligible for New York State aid, but a one-time waiver
for one semester may be granted if failure is due to extraordinary circumstances and if
the appropriate Academic Standards Committee recommends such a waiver.
Students
whose semester or cumulative average falls below 2.0 two semesters in succession, or three
semesters nonconsecutively, or who fail all their courses in a semester, may be dismissed
from the school without further notice. In Stern College, the first semester on campus is
considered probationary for students admitted with provisional status.
Appeals
procedure
If there are mitigating circumstances, students may appeal dismissal in writing to
their school's Academic Standards Committee. The appeal must be made before the following
semester begins. The committee may allow the student to continue on probation, under such
conditions and restrictions that it may set. Decisions will be communicated in writing to
the student, the Office of the Dean, the Office of the Registrar,
the Office of Student Finance, and the Office of Student Services.
These
standards are applicable to all students. They are required for certification to New York
State for financial assistance under Section 145-2.2 of the Regulations of the
Commissioner of Education and are required by federal regulations to receive aid under
Title IV of the Higher Education Act.
Late
Admission and Withdrawal
The following governs late
admission to, and late withdrawal from, classes in Stern College for
Women and Sy Syms School of Business.
| Stern College |
| Period |
Permission needed
to register late |
Permission needed
to withdraw |
Notation of withdrawl on permanent record |
Refund
to
"per-credit"
student |
First
two weeks
of semester |
None |
None |
Course not
listed |
75% |
Next
two weeks
of semester |
Instructor
and dean |
None |
Course not
listed |
50% |
Next
five weeks
of semester |
Not
permitted |
None |
Course not
listed |
0 |
Remainder of
semester |
Not
permitted |
Dean |
Course
listed |
0 |
| Sy Syms
School of Business |
| Period |
Permission needed to
register late |
Permission needed to withdraw |
Notation of withdrawl on permanent record |
Refund
to
"per-credit"
student |
First
two weeks
of semester |
Dean |
Dean |
Course not
listed |
75% |
Next two
weeks
of semester |
Not
permitted |
Dean |
Course not
listed |
50% |
Next
five weeks
of semester |
Not
permitted |
Dean |
Course not
listed |
0 |
Remainder of
semester |
Not
permitted |
Not
permitted |
Course
listed |
0 |
Please
note:
Even when permission to withdraw is not required, the proper forms must still be filed in
the Office of the Registrar.
Only
tuition is subject to refund, not fees.
Regulations
apply to the equivalent period in a summer session or intersession.
When
a course from which a student has withdrawn is listed on the permanent record, the grade
may be W or G, depending on the circumstances.
Dean's
List
Each year, in each undergraduate school, full-time students who have achieved an academic
grade-point average of at least 3.5 are included on the Dean's List. Inclusion on this
list becomes part of the student's permanent record.
Graduation
Cum Laude, Magna Cum Laude, Summa Cum Laude
To receive honors at graduation, students at Stern College and Sy Syms School must
have completed at least 84 credits in residence at the New York campus and must have
achieved the following cumulative averages: cum laude, 3.50; magna cum laude,
3.70; summa cum laude, 3.85.
Academic
Advisement
Stern
College
Academic advisors, deans, and faculty members help students develop academic programs that
will realize their full potential. They are available to discuss courses and majors and to
interpret college regulations and requirements. Besides advising students about
independent study, graduate school, fellowships, and professional options, advisors oversee
the progress of students from the time they enter until graduation.
Sy
Syms School
The Office of the Dean of the Sy Syms School of Business provides academic advisement for
the Sy Syms students. The associate dean and faculty advisors review
the academic requirements of each major and concentration with each
student. Carefully constructed advisement
and program-of-study sheets help the student in planning
her academic program.
Each semester, students' registrations are approved by a dean or an academic advisor.
The academic records of all juniors and seniors are reviewed, and
they are advised as to what requirements they must fulfill to
graduate. Students are referred to the
Office of Placement and Career Services
for career counseling if they are unsure of or wish to change their
major.
Pre-Health
Students interested in any health-related fields are encouraged to meet with the
Pre-Health Sciences advisor. Students contemplating graduate study in the health sciences are urged
to meet with the advisor during their first year on campus and to attend all informational
meetings dealing with preparedness for health professions admissions, the application
process, and professional school selection during the junior and senior years.
Pre-Law
Students considering graduate study in law are urged to meet with the Pre-Law
advisor
during their freshman year. Intensive guidance services dealing with preparation for the
Law School Admissions Test, the application process, and professional school selection are
provided during the junior and senior years.
Pre-Engineering
Students considering the Combined Plan in Engineering with
Columbia University should meet
with the Pre-Engineering advisor during their freshman year. The advisor guides
students in planning a course of study and in choosing among the options offered.
Shaped
Major
Under special circumstances, students may design an individual major. Students meet with
the Shaped Major advisor, who guides them in shaping a cohesive course of study to meet
their academic and professional goals. Majors such as Art and Joint Degree Programs fall
under this category.
Internships
Students are encouraged to engage in internships to complement their coursework. The
Internship advisor suggests appropriate apprenticeships and reviews all internship
applications for approval.
Placement
and Career Services
The Office of Placement and Career Services provides a full range of career and placement
services to all undergraduate students, including, on-campus
recruiting, resume referral, career fairs, internships, summer jobs, job postings,
business lectures, forums, and career library. The office also
offers career
counseling and testing, career information and research, and educational planning,
including graduate school applications. All services are offered at
both the Wilf and Midtown campuses. The office maintains an
excellent job and graduate-school placement record.
Disciplinary
Probation and Dismissal
Yeshiva University expects its students to exhibit high qualities of character
as well as demonstrate academic ability. Every student is expected to adhere to the
ideals represented by the University and to show seriousness of purpose, intellectual
dedication, and respect for the views and convictions of others. A student's continuance
on the rolls of the University;the receipt of academic credits, honors, and awards,
graduation, and the conferring of any degree, diploma, or certificate upon the student are
entirely subject to the disciplinary powers of the University and to the student's
maintaining high standards of ethical and academic conduct. A student may be placed on
probation or dismissed by the University at any time for infringement of these standards.
Academic Integrity
The submission by a student of any examination, course assignment, or degree requirement
is assumed to guarantee that the thoughts and expressions therein not expressly credited
to another are literally the student's own. Evidence to the contrary will result in
appropriate penalties, which may include failure in the course or disciplinary dismissal.
Class Status
A student who has satisfactorily completed, or received credit for, one year
of full-time study (see each school's regulations on Workload for definition of
"full-time") and has removed any entrance condition, is classified as a
sophomore. A student who has received credit for two years of full-time study is
classified as a junior; and three years, as a senior. See the table below for the exact
credit values for the transition points:
| Credits |
Completed Class |
| 0 |
Lower
Freshman |
| 12 |
Upper
Freshman |
| 28 |
Lower
Sophomore |
| 45 |
Upper
Sophomore |
| 61 |
Lower
Junior |
| 78 |
Upper
Junior |
| 94 |
Lower
Senior |
| 111 |
Upper
Senior |
Independent
Study
Under special circumstances, students may undertake academic work in a
specific area not covered in the formal course offerings.
Independent
Study for credit may be done under the following conditions:
A.
The student must normally be a senior or at least a junior, but others will be considered.
B.
A minimum average of 2.5 is required.
C.
With special permission, the work may count toward the major.
D.
The student must work under the supervision of a faculty sponsor. For work done outside
the University, an immediate supervisor, in addition to the faculty sponsor, may be
required.
E.
Independent Study may be done during the summer, with permission of the sponsor and the
appropriate dean. A fee is charged.
F.
The student may do no more than one Independent Study per semester and no more than three
altogether. Under normal circumstances, only 1 or 2 credits are permitted for an
Independent Study project done during the school year.
The
required procedure is as follows:
1.
During the regular registration period for the semester in which the student plans to do
the work, the student must submit an Application for Independence Study
form. This
form provides space for a description of the project and for the recommendations of the
faculty sponsor and the Office of the Registrar. The faculty sponsor lists the
examinations and papers to be required of the student, and describes the nature of the
direct supervision that will be exercised.
2.
The appropriate dean considers every application. Approval from
the dean is required before work may begin.
3.
If the project is carried on outside the University, the following procedure must be
followed: Upon completion of the project, the student must submit a final report
accompanied by a letter of evaluation from the student's immediate supervisor to the
faculty sponsor.
4.
Independent Study is listed
on the student's record as “(Subject) 4901.” (A second term is
4902, etc.) It is graded on a P/N basis.
Directed Study
Under special circumstances, students who are in need of a course listed in the Catalog
but not currently offered are permitted to take the course they need by Directed Study.
Approval is granted on an individual basis as follows:
A.
Except under the most unusual circumstances, a student may take only one course at a time
in this manner.
B.
The student must be a senior or, with special permission, a junior, with a minimum average
of 2.5.
C.
The student must work under the supervision of a faculty sponsor.
D.
Directed Study may, in exceptional cases, be done during the summer. Per-credit tuition is
charged.
The
required procedure is as follows:
1.
During the regular registration period for the semester in which the student plans to do
the work, the student must submit an Application for Directed Study
form to the
Office of the Registrar. The faculty sponsor lists the reading and written assignments,
the examinations and papers to be required of the student, and the nature of the direct
supervision that will be exercised.
2.
The appropriate dean considers each application and must approve it before work begins.
At
the end of the term, the instructor submits a grade to the Office of
the Registrar. The course is listed
on the student's record with its regular number and title.
Note:
Independent Study and Directed Study are treated as regular courses and are counted as
part of the student's regular work-load. Specifically, if the project is not to be
completed, the student must withdraw within regular deadlines. If the work is completed
late, the student may apply for an extension and, if approved, will receive an Incomplete
grade.
Internships
Students may receive credit for significant business or professional learning experience.
The internship must provide the intern with an opportunity to grow intellectually or
professionally.
To
receive credit for an internship, the student must follow these regulations:
A.
The student must file an Internship Application with the appropriate undergraduate
school by the filing deadline listed on the form. The internship must be approved by the
dean or faculty advisor prior to registering for each semester of internship.
B.
One hundred hours of internship is equivalent to 1 credit.
C.
A maximum of 3 internship credits may be used toward the major.
The student must obtain prior departmental
or school approval.
D.
The student should keep a journal of her activities.
E.
Students must submit a final report and an evaluation from their supervisor by the end of
each semester.
F.
The student will receive a grade of P/N.
G.
Credits will be counted toward the student's course load during the fall and spring
semesters.
H.
The student may pursue internship credits during the summer.
I.
There is a $200 tuition charge and a registration fee for summer internships. Full-time
students doing internships during the fall and spring semesters do not pay additional
internship charges.
Waivers
While faculty and other
advisors may make recommendations for waivers and changes in
graduation requirements, all exemptions and exceptions must be
approved in writing by the dean or the Academic Standards Committee
of the school. The Request for Waiver of Prerequisite form
should be used to request a waiver of prerequisite, and the Standard
Request form for other requests. These forms should be
submitted to the Office of the Registrar, and the student should
keep a copy.
Work Outside
Regular Courses
Permission of the dean of the school in which the student is matriculated is
required in order to take any courses at another institution. Students must fill out a
Request for Outside Course form.
In
accordance with the regulations of the New York State Education Department, students may
earn no more credit during summer sessions than is proportional to the amount of credit
that may be earned for coursework during the regular term at Yeshiva University, whether
the courses are taken at Yeshiva University or elsewhere. See Request for Outside Courses
form.
Courses
transferred from another institution, whether taken before or after admission to Yeshiva
University, appear on the student's record with credit value only; grades earned elsewhere
are not entered on the records of Yeshiva University, except in programs in which the
tuition is paid by the University.
Study Abroad
Yeshiva University believes in the value of study abroad. Many Yeshiva
University students are particularly interested in studying in Israel. Information about
the S. Daniel Abraham Israel Program is available in the Admissions Office. Students who
study abroad, but not on the University's program, must file a Leave of Absence
form
and a Request for Outside Courses form, available in the Office of the Registrar.
Joint and
Combined Programs
Joint
bachelor’s–master’s programs with graduate schools of Yeshiva
University exist in the fields of Jewish education, Jewish studies,
and social work. In these programs, qualified upperclassmen may take
courses at the University’s graduate schools and receive credit
simultaneously toward their undergraduate and graduate degrees.
Further information is available in the Office of the Registrar.
Combined
programs with other institutions include Bar-Ilan University School of Economics and
Business Administration,
Columbia University School of Engineering and Applied Science,
Columbias Department of Rehabilitation Medicine Occupational Therapy program,
New
York College of Podiatric Medicine,
SUNY College of Optometry, and
NYU College of
Dentistry. Further information is available in the Offices of the Deans.
Graduate Courses
Undergraduate students enrolled in joint degree programs with graduate schools of Yeshiva
University should consult policies and procedures for those programs.
Seniors
who are not eligible for the joint programs may be permitted to take graduate courses for
undergraduate credit. Full information on such courses is given on Undergraduate Request
for Permission to take a Graduate Course form, available in the Office of the
Registrar. Such students will not be allowed graduate credit for the courses later, even
if they do not need this credit for their undergraduate degree. Only students who
originally received permission for graduate credit while still undergraduates will receive
such credit.
Leaves of Absence
Students who intend to absent themselves from the University and
then return at some future time must apply for a formal leave of
absence on the Leave of Absence form. If they do not obtain
such a leave, readmission may be denied.
Leaves of absence are ordinarily granted for a maximum of four
semesters. Students on leave will not receive credit for study at
another institution without prior
permission. Students must fill out the Request for Outside Course
form.
Withdrawal from the
University
A student who is withdrawing from the University and does not expect to return at some
future date should fill out the Application for Official Withdrawal
from School form.
Records
and Transcripts
Students may print a free, unofficial transcript in the
Office of the Registrar. To obtain a written report of grades, students and parents may
send a written request to the Office of the Registrar.
Current
or former students who wish official transcripts of their records should secure copies of Request
for Transcript form from the Office of the Registrar. This may be done in person or
by mailing a self-addressed stamped envelope. The form lists the fees, regulations, and
procedures governing the issuance of transcripts.
A
transcript is not issued without the student's written request, except to the person(s) or
agency upon whom the student is financially dependent, or as provided by law.
The
issuance of transcripts, and generally the release of any information about a student, is
subject to the provisions of the federal Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act of
1974. Yeshiva University has adopted regulations to implement the Act. A copy of these
regulations is available upon written request, accompanied by a self-addressed stamped
envelope, to the Office of the Registrar.
No
official transcript will be issued for a student unless the student's financial record
with the University is completely clear.
Official records of students are sent only in the form of a complete
transcript. No partial records are sent, nor are records listing
only courses without grades.
Students
who believe that there is an error in their academic record (e.g., in a grade, average,
credit value, or course) must promptly call this to the attention of the Office of the
Registrar.
Change of Name or
Address
A student who wishes to change either a first or
last name on school records
must file a Request for Change of Name on School Records form
in the Office of the Registrar.
Students
who change their home or local residences are required to notify the Office of the
Registrar of the change of address within 10 days on the Notification of Change of Address
form. A student is responsible for all mail sent to the old address if the
University has not been so notified.
Diplomas
Duplicate or revised diplomas can be secured under certain circumstances. Full information
is given on the Duplicate Diploma Request form, available in the Office of the Registrar.
Use
of the University's Name
No student or student organization may use the name of the University or any of its
components in print for any purpose, including identification, without written permission
from the Office of the Dean.
Academic Terminology
For the convenience of students, certain academic terms frequently used at Yeshiva
University are defined below:
Academic
Average: A measure of the student's scholastic achievement.
Advanced
Standing: Credit given toward a degree for academic work completed at another
institution, or on the basis of an approved examination.
Class
Section: A group of students taking a particular course at a specific
time. It is identified in course schedules by a letter, e.g., ART 1051, section J.
Corequisite:
A course that must be taken during the same semester as another course.
Correlate:
A course required for a major that is not in the major department.
Course:
A particular portion of a subject. It is identified by a course number, e.g., ART 1051.
Course
Description: The statement in the Catalog outlining the content of a particular
course.
Course
Title: A word or phrase describing the course content. Thus, at Yeshiva University,
the course title of ART 1051 is History of Art.
Credit:
The credit value of each course is listed after its title in the Catalog. At least 45
academic hours (each 50 minutes long) of formal classroom instruction and other types of
study are required to earn 1 credit. These 45 hours are divided as follows: in an
undergraduate lecture-recitation course, 15 academic hours in class plus 30 in outside
preparation; in a laboratory course, 30 academic hours in class plus 15 in outside
preparation; in observation and supervised student teaching, 36 academic hours in class
plus 9 in outside preparation. Class hours include examinations. These hours are minimums
and may be increased to satisfy special requirements in certain courses.
Curriculum:
A planned group of courses (and ancillary experiences) leading to a specific degree,
diploma, or certificate.
Department:
An administrative unit of faculty members teaching one discipline (see below), or several
closely related disciplines.
Discipline:
A particular branch of knowledge, e.g., biology, English.
Division:
An administrative unit of faculty members teaching related disciplines. The undergraduate
faculty is organized into the following divisions: Humanities, Jewish Studies, Natural
Sciences and Mathematics, and Social and Behavioral Sciences. Sy Syms School of Business
also functions as a division.
Elective:
A course that a student may choose to take, as distinguished from a required course.
Major:
The subject that a student chooses for primary emphasis.
Minor:
A subject that a student chooses for secondary emphasis.
Prerequisite:
A preliminary requirement that must be met before a particular course
may be taken.
Probation:
The status of a student whose enrollment has been placed on a trial basis for scholastic
or disciplinary reasons.
Registration:
The process of enrolling as a student. It consists of three stages: a) filling out general
information forms provided by the University and having them approved; b) selecting
courses and sections, having them entered in the computer by the Office of the Registrar,
and receiving written confirmation of one's choices; c) completing financial arrangements.
The student is not registered until all three stages have been completed.
Required
Course: One required for graduation, either for all students or those in a
particular area of study.
Residence
Requirement: The requirement for a degree or diploma that specifies the minimum
period of time that a student must be in attendance at the school through which the
document is granted, and the minimum number of credits that must be completed there.
The Residence Requirement is intended to give each student adequate contact with the school and its
faculty. Residence credit is distinguished from transfer credit, i.e., credit for courses
taken at another school of the University or at another institution; it does not imply
that the student must live in a University dormitory.
Seminar:
A course pursued by a small group of students with a professor, with each engaged in
original research or independent study and all exchanging results through reports and
discussions.
Status:
The category under which a student is enrolled, e.g., Regular, Transient.
Transcript:
An unabridged copy of the student's record, certified by the Office of the Registrar.
Please
note, most registration forms are available on the Office of the Registrars website,
www.yu.edu/registrar/.
Privacy
In accordance with the provisions of the Family Educational Rights
and Privacy Act of 1974, as amended (Section 438 of the General
Educational Provisions Act, 20 US 1232g), also known as FERPA,
Yeshiva University has adopted certain policies to protect the
privacy rights of its students with respect to their Education
Records. FERPA affords students certain rights of access to their
Education Records. FERPA also limits the persons to whom the
University may disclose a student s Education Records, and permits
certain disclosure without the student s written permission. Please
visit the Office of the Registrar to obtain the Yeshiva University
FERPA Policy Statement.
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